A rechargeable battery technology introduced in 1991 that provides greater charge per pound than nickel metal hydride. In 1993, Toshiba introduced the first notebook in the U.S. with a Li-ion battery. Since then, lithium-ion has become the default battery technology from handheld devices to EVs. See
electric vehicle.
Discharge and Charging
When a lithium-ion battery discharges, the lithium atoms in the anode become lithium ions, and when charging, they become lithium atoms again. See
lithium.
China Has Most of the Refining
Although China has less than 10% of lithium reserves, it has roughly 70% of the lithium refining market and 60% of the EV car battery market.
Shallow Discharges Are Best
Although nickel-based batteries require full discharges before recharging to keep the battery healthy, lithium-ion batteries thrive on frequent, shallow discharges (see
30-80 rule). See
lithium polymer,
lithium iron phosphate and
batteries.
On Its Way Out - Already?
Tesla is working on replacing its lithium-ion batteries with aluminum-ion in its EVs by 2026 or 2027. If as good as many predict, lithium-ion EV batteries may become lithium-extinct batteries! See
aluminum-ion battery.
High-Performance Lithium-Ion
Using a patented technology, this lithium-ion battery from the early 2000s delivered 183 watt hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) compared to about 115 for standard lithium-ion. It added up to 16 hours of extra running time.